• Regulation and Function of the Major Stress-Induced HSP70 Molecular Chaperone in vivo: Analysis of Mice with Targeted Gene Disruption of the HSP70.1 or HSP70A1

      Huang, Lei; Georgia Cancer Center (6/3/2002)
      (First Paragraph) The cellular response to stress, including exposure to environmental (UV radiation, heat shock, heavy metals), pathological (infection, fever, inflammation, malignancy, ischemia) or physiological (growth factor, hormonal stimulation, tissue development) stimuli is represented at the molecular level by synthesis of groups of protein named heat shock proteins [hsp(s)] (Benjamin 1998; Feder and others 1992; Jolly and Morimoto 2000; Li and Mivechi 1986; Lindquist 1986; Smith 1998). The presence of hsp(s) protect host cells from the damage caused by thermal stress, and after induction of hsp expression, cells are protected well from higher temperatures than they can normally tolerate. This phenomenon is defined as themiotoleranee (Gemer 1975; Li and Mivechi 1986). The protective role of hsp(s) is attributed to several functional properties, including active participation in maintaining proteins in their native correctly folded states, promoting degradation and refolding of misfolded proteins, and minimizing aggregation and incorrect interactions between proteins (Agashe and Hartl 2000; Gething and Sambrook 1992). In addition, hsp(s) can function in cellular protection by modulating the engagement and progression of apoptosis induced by a variety of stress stimuli (Beere and Green 2001). Besides the recognition of the cytoprotective function of hsp(s) under stress conditions, widespread clinical interests exist in their chaperone function during a range of human pathologies, including neurodegenerative conditions, such as amyloidosis, prion disease, and Alzheimer's disease, and cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial ischemia, cardiac hypertrophy, stroke, and blood vessel injury (Benjamin 1998; Planas and others 1997; Smith 1998).
    • Protection Against Colonic Inflammation and Colon Cancer by Commensal Bacterial Metabolites: An Obligatory Role for the Short- Chain Fatty Acid Transporter Slc5a8

      Gurav, Ashish; Georgia Cancer Center (2014-11)
      Dietary fiber consumption has long been known to protect against inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal carcinogenesis. In mammals, large intestinal microorganisms ferment dietary fiber to generate energy, while releasing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate and butyrate. Interestingly, SCFAs are also known to protect against intestinal inflammation and colorectal carcinogenesis, although the molecular mechanisms behind these actions are still being investigated. For most of their biological effects, SCFAs must be transported from lumen into the intestinal tissue, where they activate multiple biological processes. We and others have reported Slc5a8 as a high affinity transport mechanism for SCFAs, which would remain fully functional, even when SCFA concentration drops to sub-millimolar range, whereas other transport mechanisms are rendered inefficient. The aim of the current study was to test protective role of Slc5a8 against intestinal inflammation and colorectal carcinogenesis during suboptimal intake of dietary fiber. We observed that Slc5a8 is obligatory for HDAC-inhibition in colonic epithelium and intestinal barrier function, only when the animals were fed a dietary fiber-free diet (FF diet), and not when the animals were fed diet containing optimal amounts of fibers (FC Diet). Compared to WT, Slc5a8-/- animals demonstrated higher susceptibility to AOMDSS- mediated intestinal inflammation and colorectal carcinogenesis under FF dietary conditions, but not under FC dietary conditions. At molecular level, we found that butyrate and propionate could induce potent immunosuppressive enzymes Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A2 in dendritic cells obtained from WT animals, but not from Slc5a8-/- animals. Butyrate, transported via Slc5a8 enabled DCs to suppress conversion of naïve T cells to interferon-γ secreting pro-inflammatory T cells and Slc5a8-/- animals harbored higher proportion of interferon-γ+ CD4+ T cells in vivo. Taken together, our data provide crucial evidence for critical role of Slc5a8 mediating protective effects of dietary fiber metabolites, SCFAs in protecting against intestinal inflammation and colorectal carcinogenesis.
    • Functional Dissection of HOXD Cluster Genes in Regulation of Neuroblastoma Cell Proliferation and Differentiation

      Zha, Yunhong; Ding, Emily; Yang, Liqun; Mao, Ling; Wang, Xiangwei; McCarthy, Brian A.; Huang, Shuang; Ding, Han-Fei; GHSU Cancer Center; Department of Pathology; et al. (2012-08-7)
      Retinoic acid (RA) can induce growth arrest and neuronal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells and has been used in clinic for treatment of neuroblastoma. It has been reported that RA induces the expression of several HOXD genes in human neuroblastoma cell lines, but their roles in RA action are largely unknown. The HOXD cluster contains nine genes (HOXD1, HOXD3, HOXD4, and HOXD8-13) that are positioned sequentially from 3â ² to 5â ², with HOXD1 at the 3â ² end and HOXD13 the 5â ² end. Here we show that all HOXD genes are induced by RA in the human neuroblastoma BE(2)-C cells, with the genes located at the 3â ² end being activated generally earlier than those positioned more 5â ² within the cluster. Individual induction of HOXD8, HOXD9, HOXD10 or HOXD12 is sufficient to induce both growth arrest and neuronal differentiation, which is associated with downregulation of cell cycle-promoting genes and upregulation of neuronal differentiation genes. However, induction of other HOXD genes either has no effect (HOXD1) or has partial effects (HOXD3, HOXD4, HOXD11 and HOXD13) on BE(2)-C cell proliferation or differentiation. We further show that knockdown of HOXD8 expression, but not that of HOXD9 expression, significantly inhibits the differentiation-inducing activity of RA. HOXD8 directly activates the transcription of HOXC9, a key effector of RA action in neuroblastoma cells. These findings highlight the distinct functions of HOXD genes in RA induction of neuroblastoma cell differentiation.
    • Novel Somatic Mutations to PI3K Pathway Genes in Metastatic Melanoma

      Shull, Austin Y.; Latham-Schwark, Alicia; Ramasamy, Poornema; Leskoske, Kristin; Oroian, Dora; Birtwistle, Marc R.; Buckhaults, Phillip J.; GHSU Cancer Center (2012-08-17)
      Background: BRAFV600 inhibitors have offered a new gateway for better treatment of metastatic melanoma. However, the overall efficacy of BRAFV600 inhibitors has been lower than expected in clinical trials, and many patients have shown resistance to the drugâ s effect. We hypothesized that somatic mutations in the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) pathway, which promotes proliferation and survival, may coincide with BRAFV600 mutations and contribute to chemotherapeutic resistance.
    • De novo transcriptome sequencing in a songbird, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis): genomic tools for an ecological model system

      Peterson, Mark P; Whittaker, Danielle J; Ambreth, Shruthi; Sureshchandra, Suhas; Buechlein, Aaron; Podicheti, Ram; Choi, Jeong-Hyeon; Lai, Zhao; Mockatis, Keithanne; Colbourne, John K.; et al. (2012-07-9)
      Background: Though genomic-level data are becoming widely available, many of the metazoan species sequenced are laboratory systems whose natural history is not well documented. In contrast, the wide array of species with very well-characterized natural history have, until recently, lacked genomics tools. It is now possible to address significant evolutionary genomics questions by applying high-throughput sequencing to discover the majority of genes for ecologically tractable species, and by subsequently developing microarray platforms from which to investigate gene regulatory networks that function in natural systems. We used GS-FLX Titanium Sequencing (Roche/454-Sequencing) of two normalized libraries of pooled RNA samples to characterize a transcriptome of the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), a North American sparrow that is a classically studied species in the fields of photoperiodism, speciation, and hormone-mediated behavior.
    • Acute Progression of BCR-FGFR1 Induced Murine B-Lympho/Myeloproliferative Disorder Suggests Involvement of Lineages at the Pro-B Cell Stage

      Ren, MingQiang; Tidwell, Josephine A.; Sharma, Suash; Cowell, John K.; GHSU Cancer Center; Department of Pathology (2012-06-6)
      Constitutive activation of FGFR1, through rearrangement with various dimerization domains, leads to atypical myeloproliferative disorders where, although T cell lymphoma are common, the BCR-FGFR1 chimeric kinase results in CML-like leukemia. As with the human disease, mouse bone marrow transduction/transplantation with BCR-FGFR1 leads to CML-like myeloproliferation as well as B-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The murine disease described in this report is virtually identical to the human disease in that both showed bi-lineage involvement of myeloid and B-cells, splenomegaly, leukocytosis and bone marrow hypercellularity. A CD19+ IgMâ CD43+ immunophenotype was seen both in primary tumors and two cell lines derived from these tumors. In all primary tumors, subpopulations of these CD19+ IgMâ CD43+ were also either B220+ or B220â , suggesting a block in differentiation at the pro-B cell stage. The B220â phenotype was retained in one of the cell lines while the other was B220+. When the two cell lines were transplanted into syngeneic mice, all animals developed the same B-lymphoblastic leukemia within 2-weeks. Thus, the murine model described here closely mimics the human disease with bilineage myeloid and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma which provides a representative model to investigate therapeutic intervention and a better understanding of the etiology of the disease.
    • Towards Curative Cancer Immunotherapy: Overcoming Posttherapy Tumor Escape

      Zhou, Gang; Levitsky, Hyam; GHSU Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (2012-05-31)
      The past decade has witnessed the evolvement of cancer immunotherapy as an increasingly effective therapeutic modality, evidenced by the approval of two immune-based products by the FDA, that is, the cancer vaccine Provenge (sipuleucel-T) for prostate cancer and the antagonist antibody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) ipilimumab for advanced melanoma. In addition, the clinical evaluations of a variety of promising immunotherapy drugs are well under way. Benefiting from more efficacious immunotherapeutic agents and treatment strategies, a number of recent clinical studies have achieved unprecedented therapeutic outcomes in some patients with certain types of cancers. Despite these advances, however, the efficacy of most cancer immunotherapies currently under clinical development has been modest. A recurring scenario is that therapeutic maneuvers initially led to measurable antitumor immune responses in cancer patients but ultimately failed to improve patient outcomes. It is increasingly recognized that tumor cells can antagonize therapy-induced immune attacks through a variety of counterregulation mechanisms, which represent a fundamental barrier to the success of cancer immunotherapy. Herein we summarize the findings from some recent preclinical and clinical studies, focusing on how tumor cells advance their survival and expansion by hijacking therapy-induced immune effector mechanisms that would otherwise mediate their destruction.
    • NF-kB2 mutation targets survival, proliferation and differentiation pathways in the pathogenesis of plasma cell tumors

      McCarthy, Brian A.; Yang, Liqun; Ding, Jane; Ren, MingQiang; King, William; ElSalanty, Mohammed; Zakhary, Ibrahim; Sharawy, Mohamed; Cui, Hongjuan; Ding, Han-Fei; et al. (2012-05-29)
      Background: Abnormal NF-κB2 activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma, a cancer of plasma cells. However, a causal role for aberrant NF-κB2 signaling in the development of plasma cell tumors has not been established. Also unclear is the molecular mechanism that drives the tumorigenic process. We investigated these questions by using a transgenic mouse model with lymphocyte-targeted expression of p80HT, a lymphoma-associated NF-κB2 mutant, and human multiple myeloma cell lines.
    • Toward integrative cancer immunotherapy: targeting the tumor microenvironment

      Emens, Leisha A; Silverstein, Samuel C; Khleif, Samir; Marincola, Francesco M; Galon, Jérôme; GHSU Cancer Center (2012-04-10)
      The development of cancer has historically been attributed to genomic alterations of normal host cells. Accordingly, the aim of most traditional cancer therapies has been to destroy the transformed cells themselves. There is now widespread appreciation that the progressive growth and metastatic spread of cancer cells requires the cooperation of normal host cells (endothelial cells, fibroblasts, other mesenchymal cells, and immune cells), both local to, and at sites distant from, the site at which malignant transformation occurs. It is the balance of these cellular interactions that both determines the natural history of the cancer, and influences its response to therapy. This active tumor-host dynamic has stimulated interest in the tumor microenvironment as a key target for both cancer diagnosis and therapy. Recent data has demonstrated both that the presence of CD8+ T cells within a tumor is associated with a good prognosis, and that the eradication of all malignantly transformed cells within a tumor requires that the intra-tumoral concentration of cytolytically active CD8+ effector T cells remain above a critical concentration until every tumor cell has been killed. These findings have stimulated two initiatives in the field of cancer immunotherapy that focus on the tumor microenvironment. The first is the development of the immune score as part of the routine diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of human cancers, and the second is the development of combinatorial immune-based therapies that reduce tumor-associated immune suppression to unleash pre-existing or therapeutically-induced tumor immunity. In support of these efforts, the Society for the Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) is sponsoring a workshop entitled "Focus on the Target: The Tumor Microenvironment" to be held October 24-25, 2012 in Bethesda, Maryland. This meeting should support development of the immune score, and result in a position paper highlighting opportunities for the development of integrative cancer immunotherapies that sculpt the tumor microenvironment to promote definitive tumor rejection.
    • Cytotoxic Chemotherapy and CD4+ Effector T Cells: An Emerging Alliance for Durable Antitumor Effects

      Ding, Zhi-Chun; Zhou, Gang; GHSU Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (2012-02-6)
      Standard cytotoxic chemotherapy can initially achieve high response rates, but relapses often occur in patients and represent a severe clinical problem. As increasing numbers of chemotherapeutic agents are found to have immunostimulatory effects, there is a growing interest to combine chemotherapy and immunotherapy for synergistic antitumor effects and improved clinical benefits. Findings from recent studies suggest that highly activated, polyfunctional CD4+ effector T cells have tremendous potential in strengthening and sustaining the overall host antitumor immunity in the postchemotherapy window. This review focuses on the latest progresses regarding the impact of chemotherapy on CD4+ T-cell phenotype and function and discusses the prospect of exploiting CD4+ T cells to control tumor progression and prevent relapse after chemotherapy.
    • Linear Approaches to Intramolecular Forster Resonance Energy Transfer Probe Measurements for Quantitative Modeling

      Birtwistle, Marc R.; von Kriegsheim, Alexander; Kida, Katarzyna; Schwarz, Juliane P.; Anderson, Kurt I.; Kolch, Walter; GHSU Cancer Center (2011-11-16)
      Numerous unimolecular, genetically-encoded Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) probes for monitoring biochemical activities in live cells have been developed over the past decade. As these probes allow for collection of high frequency, spatially resolved data on signaling events in live cells and tissues, they are an attractive technology for obtaining data to develop quantitative, mathematical models of spatiotemporal signaling dynamics. However, to be useful for such purposes the observed FRET from such probes should be related to a biological quantity of interest through a defined mathematical relationship, which is straightforward when this relationship is linear, and can be difficult otherwise. First, we show that only in rare circumstances is the observed FRET linearly proportional to a biochemical activity. Therefore in most cases FRET measurements should only be compared either to explicitly modeled probes or to concentrations of products of the biochemical activity, but not to activities themselves. Importantly, we find that FRET measured by standard intensity-based, ratiometric methods is inherently non-linear with respect to the fraction of probes undergoing FRET. Alternatively, we find that quantifying FRET either via (1) fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) or (2) ratiometric methods where the donor emission intensity is divided by the directly-excited acceptor emission intensity (denoted Ralt) is linear with respect to the fraction of probes undergoing FRET. This linearity property allows one to calculate the fraction of active probes based on the FRET measurement. Thus, our results suggest that either FLIM or ratiometric methods based on Ralt are the preferred techniques for obtaining quantitative data from FRET probe experiments for mathematical modeling purposes.
    • Targeted bisulfite sequencing by solution hybrid selection and massively parallel sequencing

      Lee, Eun-Joon; Pei, Lirong; Srivastava, Gyan; Joshi, Trupti; Kushwaha, Garima; Choi, Jeong-Hyeon; Robertson, Keith D.; Wang, Xinguo; Colbourne, John K.; Zhang, Lu; et al. (2011-10-23)
      We applied a solution hybrid selection approach to the enrichment of CpG islands (CGIs) and promoter sequences from the human genome for targeted high-throughput bisulfite sequencing. A single lane of Illumina sequences allowed accurate and quantitative analysis of ~1 million CpGs in more than 21â 408 CGIs and more than 15â 946 transcriptional regulatory regions. Of the CpGs analyzed, 77â 84% fell on or near capture probe sequences; 69â 75% fell within CGIs. More than 85% of capture probes successfully yielded quantitative DNA methylation information of targeted regions. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified in the 5â ²-end regulatory regions, as well as the intra- and intergenic regions, particularly in the X-chromosome among the three breast cancer cell lines analyzed. We chose 46 candidate loci (762 CpGs) for confirmation with PCR-based bisulfite sequencing and demonstrated excellent correlation between two data sets. Targeted bisulfite sequencing of three DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) knockout cell lines and the wild-type HCT116 colon cancer cell line revealed a significant decrease in CpG methylation for the DNMT1 knockout and DNMT1, 3B double knockout cell lines, but not in DNMT3B knockout cell line. We demonstrated the targeted bisulfite sequencing approach to be a powerful method to uncover novel aberrant methylation in the cancer epigenome. Since all targets were captured and sequenced as a pool through a series of single-tube reactions, this method can be easily scaled up to deal with a large number of samples.
    • Loss of Zebrafish lgi1b Leads to Hydrocephalus and Sensitization to Pentylenetetrazol Induced Seizure-Like Behavior

      Teng, Yong; Xie, Xiayang; Walker, Steven L.; Saxena, Meera T.; Kozlowski, David J.; Mumm, Jeff S.; Cowell, John K.; GHSU Cancer Center; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy; Vision Discovery Institute; et al. (2011-09-16)
      Mutations in the LGI1 gene predispose to a hereditary epilepsy syndrome and is the first gene associated with this disease which does not encode an ion channel protein. In zebrafish, there are two paralogs of the LGI1 gene, lgi1a and lgi1b. Knockdown of lgi1a results in a seizure-like hyperactivity phenotype with associated developmental abnormalities characterized by cellular loss in the eyes and brain. We have now generated knockdown morphants for the lgi1b gene which also show developmental abnormalities but do not show a seizure-like behavior. Instead, the most striking phenotype involves significant enlargement of the ventricles (hydrocephalus). As shown for the lgi1a morphants, however, lgi1b morphants are also sensitized to PTZ-induced hyperactivity. The different phenotypes between the two lgi1 morphants support a subfunctionalization model for the two paralogs.
    • Metabolomic Profiling Reveals a Role for Androgen in Activating Amino Acid Metabolism and Methylation in Prostate Cancer Cells

      Putluri, Nagireddy; Shojaie, Ali; Vasu, Vihas T.; Nalluri, Srilatha; Vareed, Shaiju K.; Putluri, Vasanta; Vivekanandan-Giri, Anuradha; Byun, Jeman; Pennathur, Subramaniam; Sana, Theodore R.; et al. (2011-07-18)
      Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related death in American men. Development and progression of clinically localized prostate cancer is highly dependent on androgen signaling. Metastatic tumors are initially responsive to anti-androgen therapy, however become resistant to this regimen upon progression. Genomic and proteomic studies have implicated a role for androgen in regulating metabolic processes in prostate cancer. However, there have been no metabolomic profiling studies conducted thus far that have examined androgen-regulated biochemical processes in prostate cancer. Here, we have used unbiased metabolomic profiling coupled with enrichment-based bioprocess mapping to obtain insights into the biochemical alterations mediated by androgen in prostate cancer cell lines. Our findings indicate that androgen exposure results in elevation of amino acid metabolism and alteration of methylation potential in prostate cancer cells. Further, metabolic phenotyping studies confirm higher flux through pathways associated with amino acid metabolism in prostate cancer cells treated with androgen. These findings provide insight into the potential biochemical processes regulated by androgen signaling in prostate cancer. Clinically, if validated, these pathways could be exploited to develop therapeutic strategies that supplement current androgen ablative treatments while the observed androgen-regulated metabolic signatures could be employed as biomarkers that presage the development of castrate-resistant prostate cancer.
    • The temporal and spatial expression pattern of the LGI1 epilepsy predisposition gene during mouse embryonic cranial development

      Silva, Jeane; Wang, Guanghu; Cowell, John K.; GHSU Cancer Center; Department of Neurology; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics (2011-05-13)
      Background: Mutations in the LGI1 gene predispose to a rare, hereditary form of temporal epilepsy. Currently, little is known about the temporal and spatial expression pattern of Lgi1 during normal embryogenesis and so to define this more clearly we used a transgenic mouse line that expresses GFP under the control of Lgi1 cis-regulatory elements.
    • Analysis of Wilms Tumors Using SNP Mapping Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization

      Hawthorn, Lesleyann; Cowell, John K.; GHSU Cancer Center (2011-04-22)
      Wilms tumor (WT) has been a model to study kidney embryogenesis and tumorigenesis and, although associated with hereditary, cancer predisposition syndromes, the majority of tumors occur sporadically. To analyze genetic changes in WT we have defined copy number changes and loss of heterozygosity in 56 Wilms tumors using high resolution oligonucleotide arrays at a average resolution of â ¼12 Kb. Consistent deletions were seen on chromosomes 1p, 4q, 7p, 9q, 11p, 11q, 14q, 16q, and 21q. High frequency gains were seen for 1q and lower frequency gains were seen on 7q and chromosomes 8, 12 and 18. The high resolution provided by the SNP mapping arrays has defined minimal regions of deletion for many of these LOH events. Analysis of CNAs by tumor stage show relatively stable karyotypes in stage 1 tumors and more complex aCGH profiles in tumors from stages 3â 5.
    • Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Maps in Follicular Lymphoma Cells Determined by Methylation-Enriched Bisulfite Sequencing

      Choi, Jeong-Hyeon; Li, Yajun; Guo, Juyuan; Pei, Lirong; Rauch, Tibor A.; Kramer, Robin S.; Macmil, Simone L.; Wiley, Graham B.; Bennett, Lynda B.; Schnabel, Jennifer L.; et al. (2010-09-29)
      Background: Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) that arises from germinal center (GC) B-cells. Despite the significant advances in immunotherapy, FL is still not curable. Beyond transcriptional profiling and genomics datasets, there currently is no epigenome-scale dataset or integrative biology approach that can adequately model this disease and therefore identify novel mechanisms and targets for successful prevention and treatment of FL.
    • Inactivation of the WASF3 gene in prostate cancer cells leads to suppression of tumorigenicity and metastases

      Teng, Yong; Ren, MingQiang; Cheney, Richard; Sharma, Shruti; Cowell, John K.; GHSU Cancer Center; Department of Pathology (2010-09-28)
      Background:: The WASF3 protein is involved in cell movement and invasion, and to investigate its role in prostate cancer progression we studied the phenotypic effects of knockdown in primary tumors and cell lines.
    • Normal colon epithelium: a dataset for the analysis of gene expression and alternative splicing events in colon disease.

      Mojica, Wilfrido; Hawthorn, Lesleyann; GHSU Cancer Center (2010-02-18)
      BACKGROUND: Studies using microarray analysis of colorectal cancer have been generally beleaguered by the lack of a normal cell population of the same lineage as the tumor cell. One of the main objectives of this study was to generate a reference gene expression data set for normal colonic epithelium which can be used in comparisons with diseased tissues, as well as to provide a dataset that could be used as a baseline for studies in alternative splicing. RESULTS: We present a dependable expression reference data set for non-neoplastic colonic epithelial cells. An enriched population of fresh colon epithelial cells were obtained from non-neoplastic, colectomy specimens and analyzed using Affymetrix GeneChip EXON 1.0 ST arrays. For demonstration purposes, we have compared the data derived from these cells to a publically available set of tumor and matched normal colon data. This analysis allowed an assessment of global gene expression alterations and demonstrated that adjacent normal tissues, with a high degree of cellular heterogeneity, are not always representative of normal cells for comparison to tumors which arise from the colon epithelium. We also examined alternative splicing events in tumors compared to normal colon epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study represent the first comprehensive expression profile for non-neoplastic colonic epithelial cells reported. Our analysis of splice variants illustrate that this is a very labor intensive procedure, requiring vigilant examination of the data. It is projected that the contribution of this set of data derived from pure colonic epithelial cells will enhance studies in colon-related disease and offer a vital baseline for studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of alternative splicing.
    • Modulation of the DNA-binding activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH2-MSH6 complex by the high-mobility group protein NHP6A, in vitro.

      Labazi, Mohamed; Jaafar, Lahcen; Flores-Rozas, Hernan; GHSU Cancer Center (2009-12-16)
      DNA mismatch repair corrects mispaired bases and small insertions/deletions in DNA. In eukaryotes, the mismatch repair complex MSH2-MSH6 binds to mispairs with only slightly higher affinity than to fully paired DNA in vitro. Recently, the high-mobility group box1 protein, (HMGB1), has been shown to stimulate the mismatch repair reaction in vitro. In yeast, the closest homologs of HMGB1 are NHP6A and NHP6B. These proteins have been shown to be required for genome stability maintenance and mutagenesis control. In this work, we show that MSH2-MSH6 and NHP6A modulate their binding to DNA in vitro. Binding of the yeast MSH2-MSH6 to homoduplex regions of DNA significantly stimulates the loading of NHP6A. Upon binding of NHP6A to DNA, MSH2-MSH6 is excluded from binding unless a mismatch is present. A DNA binding-impaired MSH2-MSH6F337A significantly reduced the loading of NHP6A to DNA, suggesting that MSH2-MSH6 binding is a requisite for NHP6A loading. MSH2-MSH6 and NHP6A form a stable complex, which is responsive to ATP on mismatched substrates. These results suggest that MSH2-MSH6 binding to homoduplex regions of DNA recruits NHP6A, which then prevents further binding of MSH2-MSH6 to these sites unless a mismatch is present.